Baltic Journal of Economic Studies

PLAYING IT SAFE: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF SPORT EVENT SECURITY

Marina Kamenecka-Usova, Ilona Lejniece, Janis Zidens — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The issue of safety at sports mega-events, with a particular focus on football matches, has emerged as a pivotal concern for policymakers, event organisers and international governing bodies. Whilst such events are held to symbolise unity and cultural exchange, they also present substantial legal, economic and organisational challenges. The present study investigates the multifaceted issue of stadium safety by examining its legal frameworks, economic ramifications, and evolving technological solutions, employing football as the primary case study. The present study adopts a multidisciplinary methodology. A comprehensive review of the extant literature, encompassing academic studies, regulatory guidelines and institutional reports, established the theoretical foundation. A review of historical case studies was conducted to extract lessons from past failures in crowd management and emergency response. The case studies included the Hillsborough, Heysel, and Luzhniki disasters. Comparative and economic analyses were employed to evaluate safety investments in various regions and contexts, focusing on FIFA World Cup evaluations and national strategies, including those of the Latvian Football Federation. Additionally, the contributions of international legal instruments, including the Saint-Denis Convention, the Balance S4 Initiative and the Green Guide, to safety, security and services in stadium environments were evaluated. Finally, technological projects such as eVACUATE were analysed to determine their innovative contributions to predictive crowd modelling and emergency coordination. The primary objective of this research endeavour is to investigate the potential for aligning legal regulations, economic considerations, and technological innovation to engender safer and more inclusive sports environments. A fundamental concept in the analysis is the development of a "security culture", encompassing awareness, collaboration, adaptability, technological integration, and cultural sensitivity. The study emphasises the necessity of embedding this culture into stadium management, thereby highlighting the importance of implementing both preventive measures and rapid responsiveness to evolving risks, including the emergence of threats such as cyberattacks. The findings show that, although safety investments require significant financial commitments, the long-term costs of neglect, measured in terms of human lives lost, reputational damage and legal liabilities, far exceed the costs of prevention. Lessons from past tragedies emphasise the importance of consistently enforcing safety frameworks and integrating best practices into national policies. Furthermore, technological advances in crowd monitoring, evacuation planning and data-driven decision-making offer the opportunity to enhance existing protocols. In conclusion, the study argues that achieving sustainable safety at major sporting events requires international co-operation, standardised legal frameworks and balanced economic strategies. Future policy should focus on reducing disparities between countries with different resources, promoting a global culture of safety and investing in innovation driven by research. Such measures will ensure that sporting events remain secure, inclusive and celebratory occasions.

HOW DOES DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IMPACT TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY OF CHINESE SPORTS ENTERPRISES

Jin Xuetao, Michał Dahl, Li Jingyi — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The contemporary concept of quality productive forces is predicated on scientific and technological innovation, thereby promoting high-quality development through technological breakthroughs and factor recombination. Digital technology is indisputably pivotal in the development of new quality productive forces, thereby engendering an increase in the total factor productivity (TFP) in various domains. In the context of the sports manufacturing industry and the sports service industry, digital empowerment is primarily manifested through the integration of digital production factors and traditional production factors. Digital technology has been fully integrated into manufacturing, management, operation, and supply-demand analysis, resulting in the reshaping of production and operation models, the innovation of product (service) functions, and the optimisation of supply-demand linkages. The present paper is founded upon the TFP theory and employs this as a basis to construct a new econometric model. The present study selects sports enterprises from China's A-share market and the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (NEEQ) from 2015 to 2024 as research samples, and examines the impact of digital transformation on the TFP of sports enterprises. The research findings indicate that the extent of digital transformation exerts a favourable influence on the TFP of sports enterprises, with the configuration of human capital and enterprise R&D functions serving as mediating factors in this relationship. The heterogeneity test demonstrated that the digital transformation level (DTL) exerted a significant positive influence on the total factor productivity (TFP) of both sports manufacturing enterprises and service enterprises. Concurrently, the impact of the structure of human capital and enterprise R&D on sports manufacturing enterprises and sports service enterprises varies considerably. In light of the aforementioned points, it is recommended that efforts be made to strengthen R&D investment and the cultivation of digital-related talents. Furthermore, it is advised that the transformation of sports data resources into data assets and data capital be promoted, and that the business models of the sports manufacturing industry and the sports service industry be further explored following digital transformation. These measures are expected to contribute to an enhancement in the TFP of sports enterprises.

RETURNS ON RIGHTS: A 28-YEAR INVESTMENT ANALYSIS OF ICELAND’S ITQ QUOTAS

Stefan B. Gunnlaugsson — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present study analyses the return and risk profile of Permanent Quota Shares (PQS) in Iceland's Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) fisheries management system between 1992 and 2019. The hypothetical "armchair fisherman" is defined as an investor who does not partake in fishing activities but holds PQS and leases out the associated catch entitlements. This construct was devised to assess the financial performance of quota ownership as a passive investment. PQS represent tradable rights to a fixed share of the Total Allowable Catch (TAC), with the potential to generate returns through both capital gains and annual lease income. The objective of this research is to examine PQS as investment instruments by comparing their performance to major domestic and international asset classes. The analysis uses a 28-year dataset covering Iceland’s five most valuable demersal species—cod, haddock, saithe, redfish and Greenland halibut—to apply standard financial metrics, including average return, standard deviation and the Sharpe ratio. The results demonstrate that an investor adopting an armchair fishing strategy would have achieved an average annual return of 21.6%, with a Sharpe ratio of 0.72. This significantly outperforms equities, bonds, and other benchmarks. The analysis employs a 28-year dataset encompassing Iceland's five most valuable demersal species—cod, haddock, saithe, redfish and Greenland halibut—to implement standard financial metrics, including average return, standard deviation and the Sharpe ratio. The findings indicate that an investor who had adopted a passive investment approach would have attained an average annual return of 21.6%, with a Sharpe ratio of 0.72. This investment strategy has been shown to significantly outperform traditional benchmarks such as equities and bonds. The findings demonstrate the strong financial performance of PQS and emphasise the importance of governance structures in shaping the distribution of economic rents in rights-based fisheries systems.

HROMADAS` FINANCES MANAGEMENT IN THE FACE OF CRISIS

Vasyl Erastov, Serhii Bychkov, Vitalii Soroka — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the key features of public finance management within hromadas, analysing the current situation and identifying areas for improvement. To ensure the financial independence of hromadas, favourable investment conditions must be fostered, small and medium-sized enterprises must be supported in their development, job creation must be stimulated, and local residents’ income levels must be enhanced. The present study is founded upon a combination of theoretical and methodological approaches. The abstract-logical method was employed for theoretical generalisation and conclusion formulation, enabling a thorough assessment of relevant professional literature. The decomposition method was employed to establish the study's framework, while analysis and synthesis methods enabled a comprehensive examination of public finance management in Ukrainian hromadas. Local finances play a crucial role in economic relations, particularly in the context of decentralisation, which allows hromadas to tailor the provision of goods and services to local needs. However, the management of public finances during wartime poses a unique set of challenges, necessitating a high degree of flexibility, adaptability, and innovation to ensure financial stability and respond effectively to pressing circumstances. Defence and social expenditures frequently extend beyond budgetary allocations, incorporating resources from public-private partnerships, volunteering, crowdfunding, and other alternative funding mechanisms. This complicates the accurate assessment of revenues and expenditures of hromada budgets. In situations of crisis, hromadas have the capacity to redistribute resources in order to mitigate the adverse effects of such situations. The study draws parallels between the financial responses of two distinct groups of regions, distinguishing between those in close proximity to the frontline and those that are more distant. An analysis of hromada expenditures on public order, security, and judiciary functions reveals different spending trends between these groups. The findings obtained underscore the role of hromadas as key actors in GDP redistribution, capable of mitigating crisis effects through strategic resource allocation and financial management. The present study explores the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of hromada public finance management. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the current financial landscape, the allocation of budgetary funds, and the strategies necessary for maintaining fiscal resilience under martial law. The findings contribute to a more profound understanding of public finance management in crisis conditions, offering insights for policymakers and local government officials.

LOCAL POLITICAL ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE: "DISPLACED" MIDDLE CLASS AND DEMOCRACY (SURVEY OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS)

Denys Yakovlev, Hanna Trushevych, Olha Diachenko — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Following Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) increased significantly. By 2024-2025, this figure had exceeded five million. This large social group presents both a humanitarian challenge to the country and an important factor in political transformation and consolidation. After all, IDPs form part of the middle class and civil society, and they have significant potential to drive democratisation. In order to achieve this objective, it is imperative to implement the institutionalisation of political participation (L. Diamond) and democratic consolidation (D. Rustow). The impracticability of conducting elections during the period of legal martial status constitutes a challenge for the competitive political environment and complicates the path to consolidated democracy in Ukraine. In circumstances where elections are not held, the political activity of internally displaced persons can act as a catalyst for the development of Ukrainian democracy. The capacity of IDPs to enhance democratic processes is predicated on their integration, active participation, critical thinking and the exercise of control over power. This predicament, far from being an impediment, is to be regarded as a valuable opportunity. The authors of the article conducted a study of IDPs using the method of individual interviews. Between February and March 2025, more than two hundred internally displaced persons (IDPs) who had been forced to move from the Kherson, Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia and Chernihiv regions, as well as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, to the Odesa, Vinnytsia and Kirovohrad regions due to the war, were interviewed. The results of the study indicate that IDPs are terribly underrepresented in local decision-making processes, have limited legal participation and access to information, and interact little with local self-government bodies. According to the survey results, only 1% of respondents indicated active participation in processes related to IDP activities at the local level. Meanwhile, more than 70% showed apathy and distrust regarding their potential involvement in local processes. It is the contention of the present study that these results indicate a crisis of political subjectivity among IDPs in Ukraine, despite their high level of education, professional experience, and social activity in other areas. In the context of the war, when the majority of men are engaged in defending the country from the invader, the survey revealed that the vast majority of women aged 36-65 with higher education, who are middle class, representatives of intellectual professions and are certainly capable of being active participants in the democratic processes in the country, participated in the survey. Nevertheless, political leadership at the community level is frequently reluctant to include IDPs as equals in democratic processes. Not only do internally displaced persons form a demand for social justice (86.6% support the fight against corruption), they also show a willingness to participate in public life (23.9% try to join local change processes). There is significant demand for state policy reforms: 78.6% of respondents indicated the need to improve support for IDPs. The low level of satisfaction with the state's policies towards this social group indicates the need for this group to be more fully integrated into decision-making processes. The 'displaced' middle class has the potential to drive democratic change, based on the consolidation of democracy and the institutionalisation of political participation.

DIGITAL BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION: TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN UKRAINE

Iryna Kalenyuk, Liudmyla Tsymbal, Marina Celika — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The full-scale war in Ukraine has become a powerful catalyst for the digital transformation of national business. The article examines the current state, main drivers and challenges of business digitalisation in wartime. This paper presents the findings of a survey of Ukrainian enterprises on the digital activity of such enterprises, their adaptive capabilities, and the role of digital technologies in ensuring the continuity and sustainability of business processes. A substantial acceleration in the implementation of digital solutions and the possibilities of using artificial intelligence is revealed. Concurrently, disparities in digital preparedness have been documented among diverse sectors of the economy and across enterprise sizes. The features of the digitalisation of Ukrainian business and the expansion of economic activity opportunities are identified. The article focuses on digitalisation as a tool not only for survival, but also as a strategic opportunity for innovation, increasing competitiveness and integration into global markets. Separately, recommendations are provided for state policy and businesses to support digital development within the context of reconstruction. The article argues that digitalisation is a strategic resource for recovery and increasing competitiveness, as well as being an anti-crisis tool, and is essential for integrating Ukraine into global economic processes. The authors offer recommendations to strengthen business digital readiness and improve state policy to support digital transformation during and after wartime.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS OF ENSURING THE EFFICIENCY OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS

Sergii Markin, Hanna Adamova, Pylyp Yepryntsev — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It has been determined that under martial law, the state of administrative justice is influenced by a number of factors, including a decrease in the level of public trust in public authorities, a high level of corruption in society and state authorities and local self-government, as well as a number of socio-economic factors that characterise modern Ukrainian reality. Among the social factors, the most significant are the status and vulnerability of the plaintiff (pensioners, veterans, people on low incomes, displaced persons, etc. often require special access conditions to the court), the level of legal awareness (the need to be informed about rights and procedures), regional conditions and the security situation (e.g., the remoteness of courts and military operations), and public trust in the court. The economic factors to be taken into consideration are as follows: the financial ability of the individual to cover the costs of the trial; the availability of state compensation mechanisms (for example, exemption from fees and free legal aid); and the resource provision of the judicial system itself (for example, budget, personnel, technology). The main obstacles to access to administrative courts include several key factors. These are: 1) the amount of court fees, which, in proportion to an individual’s income, may constitute a barrier to exercising the right to judicial protection; 2) the insufficient development of the free legal aid system, which could be addressed through the establishment of legal services under local government bodies that ensure adequate territorial accessibility, particularly for residents of rural areas and small settlements; 3) the existence of informational and educational barriers, highlighting the need to expand public awareness of legal rights and democratic values; and 4) the persistence of physical and infrastructural barriers that hinder access for persons with special needs. The methodological basis of the study is rooted in the principles of statistical analysis, synthesis, scientific generalisation and modelling.

ADMINISTRATIVE-LEGAL AND ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Mykhailo Serebro, Serhii Samokhvalov, Larysa Raicheva — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This scholarly publication examines the administrative, legal and economic incentives for developing information technology. It is evident that digitalisation has permeated almost all facets of public life, with information technologies being employed in the production of goods, trade, and the provision of services. These technologies play a significant role in enhancing the mechanism of public administration, reducing corruption risks, and providing both public administration bodies and citizens with effective tools to meet private and public needs. Concurrently, within the national apparatus of the state and economic relations, the implementation of information technologies frequently confronts bureaucratic procedures, as well as the absence of adequate administrative law regulation (i.e., gaps and collisions in the regulatory framework). Moreover, inadequate financing, investment, tax pressure and other adverse factors often impede the effective implementation of innovative information technologies in legal and economic practice. A system of effective legal and economic incentives has the potential to address the challenges arising in the digitalisation of administrative and economic relations. These relations are regarded as legal instruments for achieving both private and public objectives of participants in legal relations. Legislative measures encompass the streamlining of procedures for the registration and restructuring of information technology companies, in addition to the establishment of bespoke legal frameworks governing their operations. Economic incentives include tax benefits, special economic zones and industrial parks, investment attraction mechanisms, grants, the organisation of international economic forums, and other forms of international co-operation by public administration bodies. They also include state guarantees for loan programmes. In the context of intense international competition in the digital technology market, it is concluded that the creation of an effective system of administrative, legal and economic incentives to develop information technologies in Ukraine is an urgent task for public administration bodies. To ensure the further development of information technologies in Ukraine, it is essential to clearly define the objectives, as well as the legal and economic mechanisms for supporting digitalisation processes and fostering a favourable investment climate.

METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF AN ENTERPRISE

Maryna Kovbatiuk, Viktoriia Shkliar, Pavlo Pasenchuk — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The mounting impact of both external and internal risks on the stability of economic activity necessitates the assurance of sustainable development in an unstable economic environment, as well as the necessity for effective strategic management tools. The significance of scientific research in the field of economic security lies in the development of unified approaches that facilitate the timely identification of threats and enhance the adaptability of enterprises. The subject of the present study is the level of economic security of the enterprise. The article aims to develop a methodology for assessing and testing the level of economic security of an enterprise. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study relies on the dialectical approach to understanding economic phenomena, the principles of systems analysis and synthesis, and a set of general scientific and specific methods, including: statistical data processing used to analyse the enterprise’s input information and calculate baseline values of economic security indicators; the grouping method applied to structure and systematize indicators by relevant spheres of activity; normalization and score-summing methods employed to determine the integral indicator of the enterprise’s economic security proactivity and to construct the scale of economic security levels; and the method of scientific abstraction, which served as a tool for generalizing the research results and formulating well-substantiated conclusions. Results. Analysis of existing tools for assessing the level of economic security of enterprises indicates significant heterogeneity in the methods and indicators used. Most approaches focus on narrowly specialised sectoral aspects or consider only one component of economic security: mainly the financial one. This creates a need for a universal methodology that comprehensively covers all areas of enterprise activity and meets modern economic challenges. Since each area of business activity has its own threats and characteristics relating to economic security, it is advisable to divide business activity into six key areas: production processes, sales and distribution processes, information processes, personnel support, legal support for economic activity and social responsibility processes. As outlined in the proposed methodology, economic security indicators are to be ranked according to the following areas. This approach enables a structured assessment and substantiated analytical conclusions. The indicators thus form the basis for calculating the integral indicator of the enterprise's economic security proactivity. Moreover, the incorporation of expert evaluation facilitates the establishment of a scale of economic security levels that is adapted to the prevailing state of the research object. This approach ensures that the methodology is comprehensive and adaptable to the specifics of enterprises of various sizes, sectors and levels of integration into foreign economic activity. It also takes into account the presence or absence of economic security structures. Practical implications. The proposed concept is intended to contribute to the establishment of a scientifically grounded, transparent, and practically oriented system for assessing the general level of economic security of an enterprise. This system is designed to be universal in nature, with the aim of ensuring its applicability to enterprises across all industries. Value / Originality. The methodology is original in that it includes six stages: identification of the enterprise's functional areas and key business processes; classification of security types according to the enterprise's main processes; grouping of indicators according to security type; determination of assessment indicators within each group; calculation of the enterprise's economic security proactivity indicator; and determination of the enterprise's economic security level. The consistent implementation of these stages ensures the adaptability of the methodology to enterprises of various industries, scales, and operational specificities, as well as allows for the consideration of environmental variability. This approach establishes a foundation for proactive risk management in accordance with the requirements of a modern economy focused on resilience and strategic stability. An important component of the methodology is the grading scale of economic security levels, which is based on expert assessment. The scale includes four levels-critical, low, sufficient and high-enabling clear differentiation of security status and well-founded managerial decision-making.

GOING SMART: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW OF SMART TOURISM, SMART DESTINATION, AND SMART HOSPITALITY RESEARCH

Lina Pilelienė, Ahmed H. Alsharif — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Over the past decade, there has been a proliferation of scholarly investigations into tourist behaviour within smart tourism, destinations and hospitality. However, a notable research gap remains, as no prior studies have analysed all three terms – "smart tourism", "smart destination" and "smart hospitality" – concurrently. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol and employing the VOSviewer software, a comprehensive examination of relevant documents from the Scopus database spanning 2008-2024 was conducted. The analysis encompassed a total of 1,367 documents, which revealed a discernible increase in publications over the years. China emerged as the leading country in terms of publication output, contributing 352 publications that received 4,235 citations. Influential authors were identified, including Chung, N., Koo, C., Gretzel, U. and Buhalis, D. Highly cited articles and keywords associated with smart tourism, destinations and hospitality were also identified, including "smart tourism", "smart tourism destination", "smart city", "tourism industry" and "smart hospitality". Sustainability emerged as the most prolific journal, with a total of 88 documents and 2,316 citations. This bibliometric analysis illuminates the contemporary landscape of smart tourism, smart destinations, and smart hospitality research, offering valuable insights and directions for future studies.

ECONOMIC SECURITY AS AN OBJECT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: FEATURES OF INSTITUTIONAL AND INSTRUMENTAL SUPPORT

Serhiy Kivalov — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article under consideration here is devoted to the issue of administrative and legal support for the economic security of the state under the conditions of martial law. The purpose of this study is to analyse the current state of institutional and instrumental support for the proper condition of social relations in the economic sector. These relations represent one of the vectors of public administration within the field of national security. The methodology employed in this research is multi-faceted, encompassing a range of general and special methods of scientific inquiry. These include system analysis, dialectical analysis, formal logical methods, structural functional analysis, and a variety of empirical methods. The significance of the methodological foundation for studying public administration of social relations in the economic security sector under the legal regime of martial law is determined by the comprehensive application of methodological tools and principles of scientific cognition within the dialectical approach. Furthermore, the need to employ the comparative-legal method is particularly pronounced for the purpose of correlating the measures of influence applied and evaluating their effectiveness. The results of the study are as follows: firstly, it examines the tendency of public administration entities to utilise digital tools in the context of economic security; secondly, it analyses the influence of general trends in the regulation of social relations through administrative means on the selection of methods of administrative and legal support for economic security. It is proposed to adopt an updated Economic Security Strategy along with an action plan for its implementation.

FORMS OF CIVIL PROTEST AND LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS DURING THE PANDEMIC – THE CASE OF CYPRUS

Joanna Marszałek-Kawa, Marta Banasiak, Kateryna Holovko — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The World Health Organisation’s declaration of the state of pandemic dramatically changed the daily lives of the entire population. Fearing steadily rising mortality rates, governments took immediate action, including changes in legislation. In the early stages of the pandemic, there was noticeable public approval for the safety measures introduced. However, as the state of isolation continued, a sense of loss of freedom began to grow, and anxiety and social tensions became a point of reference for expressing opposition. The pandemic changed people's perceptions, especially in the face of the increasing suppression of fundamental rights by the authorities. The restrictions introduced began to resemble an attempt at social control, and those who wanted to fight the flawed system were subject to criminal sanctions. The primary aim of this article is to identify the actions taken by demonstrators against the anti-COVID policy adopted by the Cypriot authorities. The text attempts to answer the question: What forms of action did protesters in Cyprus take during the COVID-19 pandemic and how did law enforcement agencies respond to them? The study was conducted using qualitative content analysis and institutional and legal analysis. The point of reference is the information contained in press releases and news reports relating to the conduct of protesters and law enforcement officers during the period under study.

MODELLING OPERATIONAL ARCHETYPES FOR CORPORATE FLEET ELECTRIFICATION

Aivars Rubenis, Jelena Tonova, Vadims Morozovs — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The decarbonisation of corporate vehicle fleets is a central challenge in achieving Europe’s climate neutrality targets under the European Green Deal. Although corporate vehicles constitute only a share of the total fleet, they account for a disproportionate fraction of total mileage and associated CO₂ emissions. Despite fiscal incentives and regulatory support, the adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) within the corporate sector remains significantly below private uptake, primarily due to uncertainty about operational feasibility and charging constraints. This study presents a data-driven framework for assessing fleet electrification potential based on empirical driving data and simulation-based modelling. Using vehicle usage records from the carmonitor.eu telematics platform, the research identifies four distinct operational archetypes within corporate fleets, differentiated by travel intensity, trip fragmentation, and temporal driving structure. These archetypes are derived through a clustering methodology employing standardised behavioural indicators, principal component analysis (PCA), and k-means segmentation, validated by silhouette and Davies–Bouldin indices. Results demonstrate pronounced heterogeneity in fleet operation, with daily driving distances, trip frequency, and vehicle availability varying substantially across clusters. Scenario-based modelling reveals that electrification feasibility depends not only on total mileage but also on temporal driving regularity and charging opportunity windows. Vehicles with predictable daily cycles and long overnight parking are found to be most suitable for early electrification, while high-mileage or irregular-use vehicles require access to fast-charging infrastructure and larger battery capacities. The study concludes that segmenting corporate fleets by operational archetype provides a robust analytical foundation for transition planning, enabling tailored recommendations for vehicle selection, charging infrastructure, and total cost of ownership optimisation. By linking empirical usage data with simulation and scenario modelling, the paper contributes a replicable methodological approach for evidence-based fleet decarbonisation strategies across Europe.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE MOTIVATION SYSTEM FOR THE COMPANY IN THE HIGHLY REGULATED INDUSTRY

Olga Niemi, Aleksandra Kozlova — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present study hypothesises that employee motivation plays a critical role in the performance of companies operating in strictly regulated industries such as pharmaceutical distribution. The hypothesis is based on the premise that compliance, transparency, and participation in public procurement create additional operational pressure in this sector. The article focuses on a Latvian pharmaceutical wholesaler that distributes reimbursed medicines and medical devices and operates under both EU pharmaceutical and procurement regulatory frameworks. The objective of the present article is to ascertain the key motivators among employees. The research is grounded in the application of the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS), with quantitative analysis of two distinct employee groups divided by age: below 45 years and above 45 years. The data were collected through the implementation of an anonymous survey, and were subsequently analysed using SPSS. The findings indicated a substantial discrepancy in the motivation types exhibited by different age demographics within the workforce. Specifically, younger employees demonstrated higher levels of internal motivation, while older employees exhibited a greater propensity to be influenced by external factors. However, the mean motivation score across all respondents indicated a generally high level of demotivation. The findings of this study indicate that motivation strategies must be customised according to age group, with a focus on career development for younger staff and job security and compensation for older employees. The article is of practical value in that it puts forward a series of adaptive motivation strategies that have been shown to be effective in aligning with the operational limits of pharmaceutical distributors engaged in public procurement. The strategies proposed in the article aim to reduce employee turnover, increase engagement, and ensure regulatory compliance through improved workforce performance.

MECHANISMS FOR COMPENSATION OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY RUSSIAN AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE: ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION AND THE ROLE OF THE EURO-ATLANTIC COMMUNITY

Andrii Buzarov, Mykola Palinchak — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article addresses the pressing issue of compensating for the damage inflicted by Russian aggression against Ukraine, highlighting the complex intersection of international law, geopolitical realities, and economic recovery. The objective of the present study is twofold: firstly, to evaluate the efficacy and constraints of the prevailing compensation mechanisms; and secondly, to examine the role of the Euro-Atlantic community in the development of these processes. The research employs a mixed methodology, integrating content analysis, case study methods and a legal-analytical approach, drawing upon international legal documents, political decisions and empirical examples, including the Feniks Alliance. The findings indicate that, while substantial financial support has been mobilised by the Euro-Atlantic community, the utilisation of frozen Russian assets remains restricted and politically sensitive. The study identifies four potential scenarios for implementing compensation frameworks and highlights the emerging role of private initiatives as supplementary tools, complementing mechanisms instituted by international bodies such as the United Nations. Consequently, the paper concludes that a coordinated international effort, in conjunction with innovative legal and institutional instruments, is imperative to ensure fair and enforceable reparations for the victims of aggression, particularly within the Ukrainian business sector.