LEGAL STATUS OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES
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Published:
Dec 1, 2021
Abstract
The cryptocurrency is a cryptographically protected decentralized digital currency used as means of exchange. Due to development of new technologies and innovations, the rate of using of cryptocurrency is rapidly increasing throughout the globe, replacing not only cash payment and payments by bank transfer, but also electronic payments. The law scholars have not yet reached a consensus regarding the nature and legal status of the virtual currency. The cryptocurrency possesses both the nature of obligations rights and property rights, since it may be both a commodity and means of payment. In some countries the approach to definition of cryptocurrencies is different.
How to Cite
Cvetkova, I. (2021). LEGAL STATUS OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, (2), 16-24. Retrieved from http://www.baltijapublishing.lv/index.php/bjlss/article/view/1318
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Keywords
Bitcoin, blockchain, cryptocurency, token
References
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2. Virtual money poses accounting dilemma for Japan's early adopters, см.:https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Trends/Virtual-money-poses-accounting-dilemma-for-Japans-early-adopters (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
3. How to Tax Bitcoin?, International Bureau for Fiscal Documentation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, см.:http://scitechconnect.elsevier.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Chapter-14-–-How-to-Tax-Bitcoin.pdf (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
4. Report on electronic money, European Central Bank, см.: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/emoneyen.pdf (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
5. DIRECTIVE 2009/110/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 September 2009 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions amending Directives 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 2000/46/EC
6. PayPal. см.: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
7. Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF). см.:http://www.cssf.lu/en/(просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
8. Merkblatt-Hinweise zum Zahlungsdiensteaufsichtsgesetz (ZAG), November 2017, см.: https://www.bafin.de/SharedDocs/Veroeffentlichungen/DE/Merkblatt/mb_111222_zag.html (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
9. Tax treatment of cryptocurrencies, Australian Government, см.: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Gen/Tax-treatment-of-crypto-currencies-in-Australia---specifically-bitcoin/ (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
10. Israel Seeks Tax on Bitcoin, Virtual Currency Transactions, The Bureau of National Affairs, 2017, см.: https://www.bna.com/israel-seeks-tax-n73014450141/ (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
11. ORDER INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 6(c) AND 6(d) OF THE COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT, MAKING FINDINGS AND IMPOSING REMEDIAL SANCTIONS, 17.09.2015.см.:https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/idc/groups/public/@lrenforcementactions/documents/legalpleading/enfcoinfliprorder09172015.pdf (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
12. U.S. Securities Laws May Apply to Offers, Sales, and Trading of Interests in Virtual Organizations, см.: https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2017-131 (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
13. New IRS Notice Confirms Tax Treatment of Bitcoins as Property and not Currency - Expected To Increase Popularity for Self-Directed IRAs, According to IRA Financial Group, см.: http://www.prweb.com/releases/bitcoins-self-directed-/ira-tax-propertycurrency/prweb11704323.htm (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
14. Valsts ieņēmumu dienests, Par darījumiem ar kriptovalūtu un nodokļiem, см.: http://m.lvportals.lv/visi/e-konsultacijas/11918-par-darijumiem-ar-kriptovalutu-un-nodokliem/(просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
15. FKTK viedoklis par Bitcoin un līdzīgo instrumentu tiesisko regulējumu, см.: http://www.fktk.lv/lv/jaunumi/33-mediju-telpa/jaunumi/110-2014-02-12-fktk-viedoklis-par-bitcoinun-lidzigo-instrumentu-tiesisko-regulejumu.html (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
16. Grozījumi Noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas un terorisma finansēšanas novēršanas likumā, см.:https://likumi.lv/ta/id/294868-grozijumi-noziedzigi-iegutu-lidzeklu-legalizacijas-un-terorismafinansesanas-noversanas-likuma (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
17. DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/849 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 20 May 2015 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Directive 2006/70/EC,см.: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:JOL_2015_141_R_0003&from=ES (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
18. 2016/0208(COD) Priekšlikums EIROPAS PARLAMENTA UN PADOMES DIREKTĪVA, ar ko groza Direktīvu (ES) 2015/849 par to, lai nepieļautu finanšu sistēmas izmantošanu nelikumīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizēšanai vai teroristu finansēšanai, un Direktīvu 2009/101/EK, см.:https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/LV/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52016PC0450 (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)
19. Noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas un terorisma finansēšanas novēršanas likums, pieņemts 17.07.2008., stājas spēkā 13.08.2008., publicēts “Latvijas Vēstnesis”, 116 (3900), 30.07.2008., "Ziņotājs", 16, 28.08.2008. ar grozījumiem līdz 09.11.2017.
20. Likumprojekta “Grozījumi Noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas un terorisma finansēšanas novēršanas likumā” sākotnējās ietekmes novērtējuma ziņojums (anotācija), см.: http://titania.saeima.lv/LIVS12/SaeimaLIVS12.nsf/0/FEB181B5B41A0CA4C2258144002CC7CC?OpenDocument#b (просмотрено 18.04.2018.)